Disasters, both natural and man-made, have an enormous impact on public health. These impacts are complex, ranging from immediate effects on physical health to long-term consequences on mental health and health systems. In this article, we will discuss how disasters affect public health.

   1. Direct effects on health

  The direct effects of disasters on health can be drastic. Depending on the type of disaster, they can include injuries, infectious diseases or exposure to harmful substances.

  Natural disasters such as earthquakes, hurricanes or floods often lead to serious injuries and, in the worst cases, death. Industrial explosions or chemical disasters can lead to exposure to harmful substances that can cause serious health problems, both immediate and long-term.

  In some disasters, such as floods or earthquakes, there is also an increased risk of infectious diseases due to the destruction of sanitation and hygiene infrastructure, lack of access to clean water and inadequate sanitation.

   2. Long-term health effects

  In addition to immediate health effects, disasters can have long-term consequences. These can include chronic health problems resulting from injury or exposure to harmful substances, as well as mental health problems such as post-traumatic stress, anxiety or depression.

  In addition, long-term consequences can also include health impacts from threats to determinants of social health, such as loss of a home, loss of a job, disintegration of a community or interruption of education.

   3. Impact on health systems

  Disasters also have an impact on health systems. They can overburden systems that are unprepared for a sudden increase in demand for medical care, and can damage or destroy hospitals, clinics and other health care infrastructure. This, in turn, can affect a community's ability to respond to disasters and hinder access to health care long after a disaster has occurred.

   4. The role of disaster risk management in public health

  Understanding the impact of disasters on public health is key to effective disaster risk management. Activities such as risk education, prevention and response planning, and building resilient health systems are essential to protecting public health during disasters.

  In summary, disasters have a significant impact on public health, including both immediate health effects and long-term consequences for health and health systems. Effective disaster risk management is key to reducing this impact and protecting public health.